Even More Deception: Objective Misalignment in Mixed-Motive LLM Multi-Agent Systems
Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs)-powered multi-agent systems are increasingly deployed in mixed-motive environments, where agents operate under asymmetric information and strategic deception due to conflicting or hidden objectives. In these settings, misalignment with collective goals becomes a central concern. We propose a novel framework for evaluating objective misalignment using the social deduction game Werewolf, modifying the objective of a single agent while preserving its assigned role. Across LLMs from four different model families and sizes, four player roles, and three objective formulations, we introduce a dual analysis of the agents' internal reasoning and their public cheap-talk behavior (i.e costless, non-binding communication that does not directly affect the agents' utilities), complemented by an analysis of game outcomes. Our results show that objective misalignment undermines outcomes in inherently adversarial environments, an effect exacerbated by asymmetric information and specialized roles. While compromised agents consistently develop distinct objective-dependent reasoning strategies, these adaptations remain largely invisible in their public behavior. More broadly, our findings suggest that even subtle objective misalignment can profoundly affect collective decision-making, highlighting the need for effective mitigation strategies for LLM-based multi-agent systems.
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